19-40

• Spears, Daniel L.
• Rosenbaum, Mark S.

Japan Travel Bureau recently reported that 48.7% of Japanese oversea travelers, in 2008, were part of a packaged tour, while 47.7% arranged their own travel. Interestingly, very little is actually known regarding demographic and consumption differences between Japanese packaged and independent tourists, especially regarding their shopping behaviors, or how Japanese -package tourists differ from another segment, such as packaged tourists from America. The objective of this article is to address this chasm by exploring demographic and consumption differences between, and among, Japanese and American packaged and non-packaged tourists who are vacationing in Honolulu, Hawaii. The sample includes 198 and 127 Japanese independent and packaged tourists, respectively, as well as 383 and 76 American independent and packaged tourists, respectively.

• Other social sciences

• Τουρισμός

tourism marketing, demographic, consumption, Japanese tourists, American tourists, Honolulu, Hawaii

JEL Classification: L83, M1, O1

1. Ahmed, Z.U. & Krohn, F.B. (1992). Understanding the unique consumer behavior of Japanese tourists. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 1, No.3, pp.73-87.Ambler. T.F.J. (1992). The role of duty free in global marketing. Business Strategy Review, Vol. 3, No.3, pp.57-72.Baedeker, R. (2009, March 5). America’s most visited tourist attractions. USA Today. Http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-03-03-most-visited-attractions-forbes_N.htm Accessed the 28 th of July 2011.Bowie, D. & Chang, J.C. (2005). Tourist satisfaction: a view from a mixed international guided tour. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 11, No.4, pp.303-322.Chandler, K. & Keefe, C. (2010, April 14). Spending by travelers hundreds of dollars on tax day. U.S. Travel Association. Http://www.ustravel.org/news/press-releases/spending-travelers-saves-us-taxpayers Accessed the 28 th of July 2011.Dimanche, F. (2003). The Louisiana tax free shopping program for international visitors: a case study. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 41, No.2, pp.311-314.Gerlach, J. & Janke, J. (2001). The mall of America as a tourist attraction. Focus, Vol. 46, No.3, pp.13-15.Goss, J. (1993). The magic of the mall: an analysis of form, function, and meaning in the contemporary retail built environment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 83, No.1, pp.18-47.Hardy, D. (1990). Sociocultural dimensions of tourism history. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 17, No.4, pp.541-555.Hashimoto, A. (2000). Young Japanese female tourists: an in-depth understanding of a market segment. Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 3, No.1, pp.35-50.Hawaii Tourism Authority (2010). 2010 Annual Research Report. Http://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/research-reports/reports/annual-visitor-research/ Accessed the 28 th of July 2011.Hobson, J.S., Timothy, D.J. & Kim, Y.K. (2004). Editorial. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 10, No.4, p.293.Hsieh, A.T. & Chang, J. (2006). Shopping and tourist night markets in Taiwan. Tourism Management, Vol. 27, pp.138-145.Ikkai, M. (1988). The ‘senbetsu-omiyage’ relationship: traditional reciprocity among Japanese tourists. In Anthropological Research on Contemporary Tourism: Student Papers from Berkeley (pp.61-67), Berkeley: Kroeber Anthropological Society.Imanishi, T. (2007). An ethnic model of Japanese overseas tourism companies. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 34, No.2, pp.517-536.International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) (2009). How the recession has impacted consumer shopping habits. Http://www.icsc.org/web/RecessionBooklet_lores.pdf Accessed the 28 th of July 2011.Japan Tourism Marketing Company (2008). JTB Report 2008. Tokyo, Japan.Japan Tourism Marketing Company (2011). Statistics of Japanese tourists travelling abroad. Tokyo, Japan. Http://www.tourism.jp/statistics/xls/JTM_outbound20110902.eng.xls Accessed the 28 th of July 2011.Josiam, B.M., Kinley, T.R. & Kim, Y.K. (2005). Involvement and the tourist shopper: using the involvement construct to segment the American tourist shopper at the mall. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 11, No.2, pp.135-154.Keown, C. (1989). A Model of Tourist Propensity to Buy: Case of Japanese Visitors to Hawaii. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 27, No.3, pp.31-34.Kim, S.S. & Agrusa, J. (2008). Segmenting Japanese Tourists to Hawaii According to Tour Purpose. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 24, No.1, pp.63-80Law, R., To, T. & Goh, C. (2008). How do Mainland Chinese travelers choose restaurants in Hong Kong? An exploratory study of individual visit scheme travelers and packaged travelers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 27, pp.346-354.LeHew, M. & Wesley, S. C. (2007). Tourist shoppers’ satisfaction with regional shopping mall experiences. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 1, No.1, pp.82-96.Mak, J. (2004). Tourism and the Economy. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.Mak, B., Tsang, N. & Cheung, J. (1999). Taiwanese tourists’ shipping preferences. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 5, No.2, pp.190-198.Marin, G. & Marin, B. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Applied Social Research Series, 23, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.McGorry, S. (2000). Measurement in a cross-cultural environment: survey translation issues. Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 3, No.2, p.74.Natarajan, P. (2003, December 26). Visitors give Hawaii high marks in survey. Pacific Business News (Honolulu). Http://www.pacific.bizjournals.com Accessed the 10 th of January 2010.Oh, J.Y.J., Cheng, C.K., Lehto, X.Y. & O'Leary, J.T. (2004). Predictors of tourists' shopping behaviour: examination of socio-demographic characteristics and trip typologies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 10, No.4, pp.308-319.Park, M.K. (2000). Social and cultural factors influencing tourists’ souvenir-purchasing behavior: a comparative study on Japanese Omiyage and Korean Sunmui. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 9, Issue 1/2, pp.81-91.Park, K.S., Reisinger, Y. & Noh, E. H. (2010). Luxury shopping in tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 12, pp.164-178.Pearce, D.G. (1987). Spatial patterns of package tourism in Europe. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 14, No.2, pp.183-201.Pigliasco, G.C. (2005). Lost in translation: from omiyage to souvenir. Journal of Material Culture, Vol. 10, No.2, pp.177-196.Purcell, W. & Nicholas, S. (2001). Japanese tourism investment in Australia: entry choice, parent control and management practices. Tourism Management, Vol. 22, pp.245-257.Quiroga, I. (1990). Characteristics of package tours in Europe. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 17, No.2, pp.185-207.Reimer, G.D. (1990). Packaging dreams: Canadian tour operator sat work. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 17, No.4, pp.501-512.Reisinger, Y. & Turner, L.W. (2002). The Determination of Shopping Satisfaction of Japanese Tourists Visiting Hawaii and the Gold Coast Compared. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 41, No.2, pp. 167-176.Roper, A., Jensen, O. & Jegervatn, R.H. (2005). The dynamics of the Norwegian package tour industry. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 5, No.3, pp.193-211.Rosenbaum, M. (2007). The hedonic repeat visit: Exploring consumption differences among first-time and repeat Japanese visitors in Hawaii. Tourism Analysis, Vol. 11, No.5, pp.289-295.Rosenbaum, M. & Spears, D. (2006a). An exploration of spending behaviors among Japanese tourists. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 44, No.4, pp.467-473.Rosenbaum, M. & Spears, D. (2006b). Who buys what? Who does that? The case of Golden Week in Hawaii. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 12, No.3, pp.246-255.Rosenbaum, M. & Spears, D. (2005). Who buys that? Who does what? Analysis of cross-cultural consumption behaviours among tourists in Hawaii. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 11, No.3, pp.235-247.Schaefers, A. (2004, October 17). Hey! Big Spenders: New research shows just where tourists drop their money during stays in Hawaii. Honolulu Star –Bulletin. Http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/10/17/business/index1.htmlAccessed the 15 th of April 2011.Shaalan, M.I. (2005). Sustainable tourism development in the Red Sea of Egypt threats and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 13, pp.83-87.State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (2006). Visitor satisfaction survey. Http://hawaii.gov/dbedt Accessed the 10 th of March 2007.Stevens, J. (1999). Intermediate Statistics. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.Timothy, D.J. & Butler, R.W. (1995). Cross-border shopping: a North American perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 22, No.1, pp.16-34.Tucker, H. (2005). Narratives of place and self: differing experiences of package coach tours in New Zealand. Tourist Studies, Vol. 5, No.3, pp.267-282.United States Travel Association (USTA). (2010). Http://www.ustravel.org/research/domestic-research. Accessed the 28 th of July 2011.Wang, K.C., Hsieh, A. T., & Huan, T. C. (2000). Critical service features in group package tour: an exploratory research. Tourism Management, Vol. 21, No.2, pp.177-189.Wang, K.C., Hsieh, A.T., Chou, S.H. & Lin, Y.S. (2007). GPTCCC: an instrument for measuring group package tour service. Tourism Management, Vol. 28, pp.361-376.Wong, C. & Kwong, W. (2004). Outbound tourists’ selection criteria for choosing all-inclusive package tours, Tourism Management, Vol. 25(5), pp.581-592.Woodside, A.G. & Jacobs, L.W. (1985). Steps two benefit segmentation: learning the benefits realized by major travel markets. Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 24, pp.7-13.Yamamoto, D. & Gill, A.M. (1999). Emerging trends in Japanese package tourism. Journal of Trael Research, Vol. 38, pp.134-143.