Managing conflicting attitudes : national parks in Iceland and Japan

Part of : Tourismos : an international multidiciplinary journal of tourism ; Vol.8, No.2, 2013, pages 21-38

Issue:
Pages:
21-38
Section Title:
Research papers
Author:
Abstract:
For many protected areas, the inclusion of interested parties in decision-makingprocesses has become both more important and common. The range of interestscan lead to a variety of conflicts. Given the diversity of stakeholders, effectiveconflict management requires an integrated communicative approach thataddresses this range interests. Yet the question remains: Are techniques developedfor a specific case, and in one particular culture, applicable to other cases? Toexplore this question we compared the attitudes of stakeholders in VatnajökullNational Park in Iceland and Daisetsuzan National Park in Japan regardingconflict, communication and consensus. Despite the cultural and geographicaldistance between the two cases, the results show an 84% concurrence instakeholder views, leading the authors to conclude that, despite minor differences,conflict management techniques can be applied across cultural borders providedthat managers are sensitive to local understandings of how people relate to theirsocial and natural environments.
Subject:
Subject (LC):
Keywords:
conflict management, protected area, stakeholder, Iceland, Japan
Notes:
Περιέχει σχήματα, πίνακες και βιβλιογραφία
References (1):
  1. Abt, T. (1989). Progress Without Loss of Soul: Toward a Wholistic Approach toModerinization Planning: Toward a Wholistic Approach toModernization Planning (B. L. Matthews, Trans.). Wilmette, ChironPubl., U.S.Aikoh, T. (2008). Monitoring Trampling Impacts from the Disposal of HumanWaste at Campsites. In D. Siegrist, C. Clivaz, M. Hunziker & S. Iten(Eds.), Visitor Management in Nature-based Tourism - Strategies andSuccess Factors for Parks and Recreational Areas. Rapperswil,Hochschule für Technik.Alþingi (2007). Lög um Vatnajökulsþjóðgarð [ACT on Vatnajökull NationalPark]. Reykjavik, Lagasafn.Árnason, T. (2005). Views of Nature and Environmental Concern in Iceland. PhDDoctoral Thesis, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping.Axelrod, R. (1997). The dissemination of culture - A model with localconvergence and global polarization. Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol. 41, No.2, pp.203-226Benediktsson, K. (2007). "Scenophobia", geography and the aesthetic politics oflandscape. Geografiska Annaler Series B-Human Geography, Vol. 89B,No.3, pp.203-217Bosselmann, K., Engel, R. & Taylor, P. (2008). Governance for Sustainability –Issues, Challenges, Successes. Gland. Switzerland, IUCN.Brown, K. (2002). Innovations for conservation and development. TheGeographical Journal, Vol. 168, No.1, pp.6-17Chape, S., Blyth, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. & Spalding, M. (2003). 2003 United NationsList of Protected Areas (pp. 44). Gland. Switzerland, IUCN.Cole, D.N. & McCool, S.F. (1997, May 20-22). Limits of Acceptable Change andNatural Resources Planning: When is LAC Useful, When is it Not?Paper presented at the Proceedings - Limits of Acceptable Change andrelated planning processes: progress and future directions, Missoula,MT.Dearden, P., Bennett, M., & Johnston, J. (2005). Trends in Global Protected AreaGovernance,1992–2002. Environmental Management, Vol. 36, No.1,pp.89-100Eagles, P.F.J., Bowman, M.E. & Tao, T.C.-H. (2001). Guidelines for tourism inparks and protected areas of East Asia. Gland, Switzerland andCambridge, UK, IUCN.Eyjolfsdóttir, H. M., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Icelandic Business and ManagementCulture. International Studies of Management & Organization, Vol. 26,No.3, pp.61-72Harrington, C., Curtis, A. & Black, R. (2008). Locating Communities in NaturalResource Management. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning,Vol. 10, No.2, pp.199-215Helldén, U., & Ólafsdóttir, R. (1999). Land degradation in NE Iceland: anassessment of extent, causes and consequences. Lund, Department ofPhysical Geography, Lund University.Hiwasaki, L. (2005). Toward sustainable management of national parks in Japan:Securing local community and stakeholder participation. [Article].Environmental Management, Vol. 35, No.6, pp.753-764Hiwasaki, L. (2006). Community-based tourism: A pathway to sustainability forJapan's protected areas. Society & Natural Resources, Vol. 19, No.8,pp.675-692Ito, T. (1996). Influence of Forestry on the Formation of National Park Policy inJapan. Journal of Forest Planning. Vol. 2, pp.85-95.Jónasson, H.I. (2005). In a land of a living God: The healing imagination and theIcelandic heritage. PhD Doctoral Thesis, Columbia University, New York.Jordan, E.J., Vogt, C.A., Kruger, L.E. & Grewe, N. (2013). The interplay ofgovernance, power and citizen participation in community tourismplanning. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events,Vol. 5, No.3, pp.270-288Kyllönen, S., Colpaert, A., Heikkinen, H., Jokinen, M., Kumpula, J., Marttunen,M., Muje, K. & Raitio, K. (2006). Conflict management as a means tothe sustainable use of natural resources. Silva Fennica, Vol. 40, No.4,pp.687-728LeBaron, M. (2003). Culture-Based Negotiation Styles. In G. Burgess & H.Burgess (Eds.), Beyond Intractability: Conflict Research Consortium,University of Colorado, Boulder.Locke, H. & Dearden, P. (2005). Rethinking protected area categories and the newparadigm. Environmental Conservation, Vol. 32, No.1, pp.1-10Lockwood, M. (2010). Good governance for terrestrial protected areas: Aframework, principles and performance outcomes. Journal ofEnvironmental Management, Vol. 91, No.3, pp.754-766McCool, S.F., Nkhata, B., Breen, C. & Freimund, W. A. (2013). A heuristicframework for reflecting on protected areas and their stewardship in the21st century. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Vol. 1–2,No.0, pp.9-17Ministry for the Environment (2007). ACT on Vatnajökull National Park.Reykjavik, Iceland.Ministry for the Environment (2008). Establishment of the Vatnajökull NP.http://www.umhverfisraduneyti.is/frettir/nr/1277. Accessed the 2 nd ofDecember 2008.Ministry of the Environment. (2008a). National Parks of Japan OutstandingNatural Beauty for Future Generations (pp. Folder (p.9)), Ministry ofthe Environment - Japan.Ministry of the Environment (2008b). National Parks of Japan & Japan'sStrategy for a Sustainable Society. Toyko, Ministry of the Environment.Ministry of the Environment (2009). Laws and Data - National Parks of Japan.Http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/index.html. Accessed the25 th of November 2009.Mitchell-Banks, P. (1997). Community, Culture and Conflict. In B. Solberg & S.Miina (Eds.), Conflict Management and Public Participation in LandManagement. Joensuu, The European Forest Institute.Moran, E. F. (2006). People and Nature: An Introduction to Human EcologicalRelations. Malden, Oxford, Victoria, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Ogilvie, A.E.J. & Pálsson, G. (2003). Mood, Magic and Metaphor: Allusions toWeather and Climate in the Sagas of Icelanders. In S. Strauss & B. S.Orlove (Eds.), Weather, Climate, Culture.Ólafsdóttir, R. & Runnström, M.C. (2009). A GIS Approach to EvaluatingEcological Sensitivity for Tourism Development in FragileEnvironments. A Case Study from SE Iceland. Scandinavian Journal ofHospitality and Tourism, Vol. 9, No.1, pp.22 - 38Oyadomari, M. (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Nature Conservation Movementin Japan in Relation ot some Cultural-Values. EnvironmentalManagement, Vol. 13, No.1, pp.23-33Pechlaner, H., Raich, F. & Kofink, L. (2011). ELEMENTS OF CORPORATEGOVERNANCE IN TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS. Tourismos : anInternational Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, Vol. 6, No.3, pp.57-76Phillips, A. (2003). Turning Ideas on Their Head - The New Paradigm forProtected Areas. The George Wright Forum, Vol. 20, No.2, pp.24Saarinen, J. (2006). Traditions of sustainability in tourism studies. Annals ofTourism Research, Vol. 33, No.4, pp.1121-1140Sæþórsdóttir, A.D. (2010). Planning Nature Tourism in Iceland based on TouristAttitudes. Tourism Geographies, Vol. 12, No.1, pp.25-52Schaller, H. (2011). Dealing with Volcanic Terrains: Conflict Management atProtected Areas. Saarbrücken, Germany, Lambert AcademicPublishing.Schaller, H. & Jónasson, H.I. (2011, November 21-23). The question of acommon ground: attitudes towards conflict management amongstakeholders of protected areas in Iceland and Japan. Paper presented atthe Managing Alpine Future II - Inspire and drive sustainable mountainregions, Innsbruck, Austria.Shiratori, K. & Ito, T. (2001). Motorized Access Control as a Wildland RecreationManagement Tool: Access Changes and Visitor's Behavior atDaisetsuzan National Park. In T. Sievänen, C. C. Konjinendijk, L.Langner & K. Nilsson (Eds.), Forest and Social Services - The Role ofResearch: The Finnish Forest Research Institute.Swatos, W.H. (1984). The Relevance of Religion - Iceland and SecularizationTheory. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 23, No.1,pp.32-43.Takata, T. (2003). Self-enhancement and self-criticism in Japanese culture - Anexperimental analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 34,No. 5, pp. 542-551.Tawara, H. (2004, 23-29 August 2004). Forests and National Parks of Hokkaido.Paper presented at the Social Role of Forests for Urban Population,Sapporo, Japan.Thomas, J.A. (2001). The cage of nature: Modernity's history in Japan. Historyand Theory, Vol. 40, No.1, pp.16-36Thomas, L. & Middleton, J. (2003). Guidelines for Management Planning ofProtected Areas. Gland. Switzerland and Cambridge. UK, IUCN.Thórhallsdóttir, T.E. (2007). Environment and energy in Iceland: A comparativeanalysis of values and impacts. Environmental Impact AssessmentReview, Vol. 27, No.6, pp.522-544UN (2002). World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg, United Nations.Walker, G.B. & Daniels, S.E. (1997). Foundations of Natural Resource Conflict:Conflict Theory and Public Policy. In B. Solberg & S. Miina (Eds.),Conflict Management and Public Participation in Land Management,Joensuu: The European Forest Institute.WCED (1987). Our Common Future. Oslo, World Commission on Environmentand Development.WDPA (2011). Homepage of World Database on Protected Areas.Http://www.wdpa.org. Accessed the 8 th of February 2011.White, P.C.L., Jennings, N.V., Renwick, A.R. & Barker, N.H.L. (2005).Questionnaires in ecology: a review of past use and recommendationsfor best practice. Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 42, No.3, pp.421-430Yoda, A. & Watanabe, T. (2000, 1999 May 23–27). Erosion of mountain hikingtrail over a seven-year period in Daisetsuzan National Park, centralHokkaido, Japan. Paper presented at the Wilderness science in a time ofchange conference-Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, andmanagement, Missoula, MT.