172-180

• Βεντίκος, Νικόλαος Π.
• Σταύρου, Δημήτριος Ι.

The significant development of Ship to Ship (STS) transfer of cargo operations originates from different operational and trading reasons and factors, all of which however in the context of optimizing the distribution plan between the source and the final consumers (markets). The transferred cargo can be either petroleum products, or liquefied gases (LPG, LNG), or even some dry bulk cargoes. The IMO resolution, MEPC 186(59)/2009, gives to tanker vessels the full operational responsibility of an STS operation of petroleum products. To reduce the possibility of a potential accident with severe effects, risk assessment is necessary for the evaluation of the hazards embedded in the procedures and to prevent the occurrence of mishaps during STS transfers by taking additional control measures. The aim of this paper is to describe the latest developments related to STS transfer cargo procedures and moreover to scrutinize on the implementation of risk assessment in the context of optimizing the procedures. It is intended to determine the factors that can affect the operations; accidents that happened in the past are presented in order to investigate the parameters that should be considered as lessons learned to avoid similar unpleasant situations in future activities related to STS operations.

• Economics and Business

• Industries
• Management
• Risk
• Δίκαιο

Ship to Ship (STS) transfer, risk assessment, STS plan, regulations, transshipment

Περιέχει εικόνα, πίνακα και βιβλιογραφία, Special Issue: Management of maritime safety, security and environmental protection

1. DNV, 1997. Risk Assessment of Ship-to-Ship Transfer. Report for Marine Safety Agency. DNVProject C7912. November 1997.Efthimiades, A., 2012. Ship to ship Cargo Transfer Operations (STS), Service Our Ships (SOS), February2012.Glykas, A. and Perissakis, S., 2011. A Risk Assessment Methodology as a tool for screening of Shipto Ship (STS) Transfer Operation. European Conference on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports,ECONSHIP 2011.Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), 2013. Ship to Ship transfer guide for petroleum,chemicals and liquefied gases, First Edition, Scotland. UK.International Maritime Organization (IMO) Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquids and Gases, 2007b.Amendments to Marpol Annex I for the prevention of Marine Pollution during Oil TransferOperations between Ships at Sea. Comments on the report of the corresponding group.International Maritime Organization (IMO), 2007a. Amendments to Marpol Annex I for the Preventionof Marine Pollution During Oil Transfer Operations between ships at sea, Commentson the report of the correspondence group.International Maritime Organization (IMO), MEPC, 2010. Manual on Oil Pollution, Section I,Prevention of pollution, IMO Publication.International Maritime Organization (IMO), MEPC, 186(59), 2009. Amendments to the annex ofthe protocol of 1978 relating to the international convention for the prevention of pollutionfrom ships 1973.Iranian Classification Society (ICS), 2011. Ship to Ship Transfer operation.Marico Marine, 2004. Falmouth Harbour Commissioners. Ship-to-Ship oil transfer PreliminaryRisk Assessment.Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB), 2010. Report on the investigation of the collisionbetween MT Saetta and MT Conger on completion of a ship to ship transfer 9.5 miles southeast of Southwold. UK.Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB), 2011. Safety Digest, Lessons from Marine AccidentReport 1/2011.McClellan, T., 2011. Oil Spike Eases Big Contango [Online], Available at: http://www.mcoscillator.com/learning_center/weekly_chart/oil_spike_eases_big_contango/National Academy Press, 1998. Oil Spill Risks from Tank Vessel Lightering. Washington. D.C.Iranian Classification Society, (2011), Ship to Ship Transfer operation.Oil Companies International Marine Forum OCIMF/ICS, 2005. Ship to Ship transfer guide, petroleum,4th edition, Withebys Publications. 32-36 Aylesbury Street. London EC1R0ET. UK.Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), 2009. Ship to Ship Transfers-ConsiderationsApplicable to Reverse Lightering Operations.Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), 2011. Ship to Ship Service Provider Management,First Edition-2011, Scotland, UK.Open Forum, 2012. IMO rules push Ship-to-Ship transfers back into the limelight [Online]. Availableat: http://pdfsb.com/United Nations, 1994. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).Von Zharen, W.M., 1994. USCG study: Risk Evaluation of Ship-to-Ship Oil Transfer. Marine andEnvironmental Management Research, Inc.Waterborne Energy, 2010. LNG industry now OK with ship-to-ship transfer [Online] Available at:http://blog.chron.com/newswatchenergy/2010/02/lng-industry-now-ok-with-ship-to-shiptransfer/.