89-105

Articles

• Akyol, Ali, Akın
• Kadioğlu, Yusuf, Kağan

The Phaselis Hadrian Gate locating Kemer (Antalya, Turkey) has become the subject matter of the archaeometrical examinations conducted within the scope of the restoration & conservation project. The archaeometrical methods of physical, chemical and petrographical were applied to the samples from the monument that were examined to get their raw material characteristics (basic physical properties, binder/aggregate ratio, particle size distribution in aggregate, total soluble salt and types of salt), mineralogical and chemical compositions, and microstructural properties (Optical Microscopy and XRF). The physical conditions of the building stone samples were determined by means of basic physical tests. Limestone samples were physically very weak in condition and also affected by past forest fires. Conductometric analyses were conducted to find out about the soluble salt content of the stones and their pH values. The total soluble salt contents of stones in weak basic condition had very high rate caused by environmental impacts. Aggregate/binder in mortar and the grain size distribution of aggregate were found by means of aggregate granulometric analysis. The total binder and sand sized aggregate compositions of the mortar samples were quite similar and 1:4 and 2:3 in ratio. The petrographical characteristics of the stone and mortar samples were determined by thin section optical microscope analysis. Ancient gate were limestone of the main rock group of local formation. The binder type of the mortars were lime and classified into three main groups petrographically. Micro-XRF analysis was carried out to determine the chemical composition of two ancient metal clamp pieces as iron and lead. The element analysis for stone, mortar as well as the soil sample was undertaken applying the PED-XRF analysis in order to characterize and determine the raw material origin of limestones and mortars. The types of the lime mortar, which makes up the binding structure of mortar samples, were assessed in terms of their hydraulic properties by the Cementation Index data.

• History and Archaeology

• Αρχαιολογία

Phaselis, Hadrian Gate, Stones, Limestone, Mortars, Archaeometrical Analyses, XRF, Thin Section Analysis

Corresponding author: Ali Akın Akyol (aliakinakyol@gmail.com), The authors thank to Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism for the permission to the work of documentation & restoration Project of Phaselis Hadrian Gate; To Cumhur Gόrel Architecture Ltd. for the financial support of the researches; To laboratory project assistants Gόlşen Albuz and Kıymet Deniz for the analyses and to technician Orhan Karaman for sample preparations.

1. Akurgal, E. (1988) Anadolu Uygarlıkları-Anatolian Civilizations. Net Turistik Yayınlar A.Ş., Asır Matbacılık Ltd. Şti., Birinci Baskı, p. 494-495.ASTM (1984) American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of intact Core Specimens. Soil and Rock, Building Stones: Annual Book of ASTM Standards 4.08. Philadeplhia, Pennsylvania: ASTM.Başarır, H., Kumral, M. ve Özsan, A. (2004) Kayaçların Tek Eksenli Basınç Dayanımının Basit Deney Yöntemleriyle Tahmini - Predicting Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rocks From Simple Test Methods, KAYAMEK′2004-VII, Bölgesel Kaya Mekaniği Sempozyumu, Sivas, p. 1-7.Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., Ensminger, L.E., White, J. L., Clark, F.E. (1965) Methods of Soil Analysis No. 9 in the Series Agronomy. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Boynton, R.S. (1980) Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.Dursun, H., Dizdar, M.Y., Kırıştıoğlu, Ş., Özcan, İ. ve Hamurkar, Y. (2008), Toprak ve Arazi Sınıflaması Standartları Teknik Talimatı ve İlgili Mevzuat. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara, p. 70.Feigl, F. (1966) Spot Test in Organic Analysis, Elsevier Publication Company, Amsterdam.Kerr, P.F. (1977) Optical Mineralogy, McGraw-Hill Co. First Ed’n., New York.Means, R.E. and Parcher, J.V. (1963), Physical Properties of Soils, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio, USA.Rapp, G. (2002) Archaeomineralogy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.RILEM (1980) Research and Testing, Materials and Construction 13, Chapman and Hall, Paris, p. 73.Pollard, A.M. and Heron, C. (1996) Archaeological Chemistry. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.Shackley, M.S (Ed). 2011, An Introduction to X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis in Archaeology. In X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, Springer, New York.TS 3530 EN 933-1/Nisan 1999, Experiments For Geometrical Properties of Aggregates, Part 1: Determination of Particle Size Distribution – Sieving Method.Wentworth, C.K. (1922) A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments. Journal of Geology, Vol. 30, p. 377-392