157-164

• Al Sekhaneh, Wassef
• El Serogy, Abdelrahman
• El-Bakri, Maha

This study investigates new methods in the Jordanian museums in cleaning of ancient materials by laser cleaning of corrosion or patina products on archaeological corroded objects. This aproach aiming to introduce a methodology for the optimal laser cleaning attitude in archaeological artefacts in Jordanian museums. It is study focused on the feasibility of YAG Laser in cleaning of Archaeological artefacts both organic and inorganic that covered with a corrosion or crust. The clustering of inclusion particles of the patina some are hard to remove by the procedure of conventional cleaning techniques, there is an apparent danger by use the traditional methods. These methods escalate the risk of the oxidised corrosion layer breaking away which will lead to loss of details about the the object and other important surface information. The advantage of using YAG pulsed lasers for cleaning of archaeological artefacts patina or corrosion. The laser technique is well precised controlled and can be cleaned layer by layer or localizied. Thus, it is very significant to identify the chemical composition of the studied artifact surfaces before and after laser treatment. A series of laser cleaning studies has been done on test replica in the laboratory and artificially corroded.

• History and Archaeology
• Physical sciences

• Archaeological museums and collections
• Lasers in art

YAG pulsed lasers, archaeological artefacts, surface cleaning, organic materials and inorganic material, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy

Corresponding author: Wassef Al Sekhaneh (sekhaneh@yahoo.de)

1. Ahmad Shazwi, Kamaruzaman. (2008). Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser cut quality of acrylic. University of Malaysia Pahang.Atom, Laser And Spectroscopy. Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt. Limited.Avni, G. (2014). The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach: OUP Oxford.Bloisi, F, Barone, AC, & Vicari, L. (2004). Dry laser cleaning of mechanically thin films. Applied surface science, 238(1), 121-124.Bloisi, Francesco, di Blasio, Giuseppina, Vicari, Luciano, & Zoncheddu, Monica. (2006). Laser cleaning for cultural heritage. New Topics in Lasers and Electro-Optics, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 115-151.Cooper, Martin. (1997). Laser cleaning in conservation: an introduction: Butterworth-Heinemann.Cooper, Martin I, Emmony, David C, & Larson, John H. (1992). A comparative study of the laser cleaning of limestone. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: held in Lisbon, Portugal, 15-18 June 1992.Cooper, MI, Emmony, DC, & Larson, J. (1995). Characterization of laser cleaning of limestone. Optics & Laser Technology, 27(1), 69-73.Cronyn, Janet Margaret. (2003). Elements of archaeological conservation: Routledge.Csele, M. (2011). Fundamentals of Light Sources and Lasers: Wiley.Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc. (1986). Yearbook of Science and the Future: Encyclopaedia Britannica.Engineering Physics. (2010). McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited.Fekrsanati, Farideh, Klein, Stefan, Hildenhagen, Jens, Dickmann, Klaus, Marakis, Yiorgos, Manousaki, Aleka, & Zafiropulos, Vassilis. (2001). Investigations regarding the behaviour of historic glass and its surface layers towards different wavelengths applied for laser cleaning. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2(4), 253-258.Ghatak, A. (2009). Optics: McGraw-Hill Education.Introduction To Solid State Physics, 1/e. Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt Limited.Ion, John. (2005). Laser processing of engineering materials: principles, procedure and industrial application: Butterworth-Heinemann.Kautek, Wolfgang, Pentzien, Simone, Rudolph, Pascale, Krüger, Jörg, & König, Eberhard. (1998). Laser interaction with coated collagen and cellulose fibre composites: fundamentals of laser cleaning of ancient parchment manuscripts and paper. Applied surface science, 127, 746-754.Khare, P., & Swarup, A. (2009). Engineering Physics: Fundamentals & Modern Applications: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Klein, S, Fekrsanati, F, Hildenhagen, J, Dickmann, K, Uphoff, H, Marakis, Y, & Zafiropulos, V. (2001). Discoloration of marble during laser cleaning by Nd: YAG laser wavelengths. Applied Surface Science, 171(3), 242-251.Klein, Stefan, Hildenhagen, Jens, Dickmann, Klaus, Stratoudaki, T, & Zafiropulos, Vassilis. (2000). LIBS-spectroscopy for monitoring and control of the laser cleaning process of stone and medieval glass. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 1, S287-S292.Kobayashi, Kojiro F. (1999). Laser processing. Pergamon Materials Series, 2, 89-118.Koss, A, Drescik, D, Marczak, J, Ostrowski, R, Rycyk, A, & Strzelec, M. (2008). Laser cleaning of a set of 18th century ivory statues of Twelve Apostles. Paper presented at the Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII, Madrid, Spain, 17-21 September 2007.Landucci, Francesco, Pini, Roberto, Siano, Salvatore, Salimbeni, Renzo, & Pecchioni, Elena. (2000). Laser cleaning of fossil vertebrates: a preliminary report. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 1, S263-S267.Lukishova, Svetlana G, Bissell, Luke J, Winkler, Justin, & Stroud, CR. (2012). Resonance in quantum dot fluorescence in a photonic bandgap liquid crystal host. Optics letters, 37(7), 1259-1261.Meyer, HJ. (1964). Die Produkte der atmosphärischen Korrosion einiger Gebrauchsmetalle. Materials and Corrosion, 15(8), 653-660.Miotello, Antonio, & Ossi, Paolo M. (2010). Laser-surface interactions for new materials production: Springer.Mottner, P, Wiedemann, G, Haber, G, Conrad, W, & Gervais, A. (2005). Laser cleaning of metal surface—laboratory investigations Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks (pp. 79-86): Springer.Nambiar, KR. (2006). Lasers: Principles, Types and Applications: New Age International.Nilaya, J Padma, & Biswas, Dhruba J. (2010). Laser assisted decontamination of metal surface: Evidence of increased surface absorptivity due to field enhancement caused by transparent/semi-transparent contaminant particulates. Applied Surface Science, 256(6), 1867-1870.Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of world scientists: Infobase Publishing.Ready, John F. (1997). Industrial applications of lasers: Academic press.Schikorr, Gerhard. (1963). Über den Mechanismus des atmosphärischen Rostens des Eisens. Materials and Corrosion, 14(2), 69-80.Sokhan, Marina, Gaspar, Pedro, McPhail, David S, Cummings, Alan, Cornish, Larrain, Pullen, Derek, . . . Merkel, John F. (2003). Initial results on laser cleaning at the Victoria & Albert Museum, Natural History Museum and Tate Gallery. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4, 230-236.Stefano, M.L., Davis, P., & Corsane, G. (2014). Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage: Boydell & Brewer Incorporated.Stöckle, Bruno, Fitz, Stöckle, Mach, Martin, Pöhlmann, Georg, & Snethlage, Rolf. (1993). Die atmosphärische Korrosion von Kupfer und Bronze im Rahmen des UN/ECE‐Expositionsprogramms. Zwischenbericht nach 4‐jähriger Bewitterung. Materials and Corrosion, 44(2), 48-56.Stöckle, Bruno, & Krätschmer, Andreas. (1998). Die atmosphärische Korrosion von Kupfer und Bronze: Ergebnisse aus dem UN/ECE-Bewitterungsprogramm Metallrestaurierung: Internationale Tagung zur Metallrestaurierung veranstaltet vom Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und vom Deutschen Nationalkomitee von ICOMOS, München, 23.-25. Oktober 1997 (pp. 26-32): Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege.Strandberg, H, Johansson, L‐G, & Lindqvist, O. (1997). The Atmospheric corrosion of statue bronzes exposed to SO2 and NO2. Materials and Corrosion, 48(11), 721-730.Subrahmanyam, N., Lal, B., & Avadhanulu, N. (2004). A Text Book of Optics (m.e.): S. Chand Limited.Tam, Andrew C, Leung, Wing P, Zapka, Werner, & Ziemlich, Winfrid. (1992). Laser‐cleaning techniques for removal of surface particulates. Journal of Applied Physics, 71(7), 3515-3523.Thyagarajan, K, & Ghatak, Ajoy. (2010). Lasers: fundamentals and applications: Springer Science & Business Media.Walker, J., & Firestone, M.D. (2009). Jordan: Lonely Planet.Wiederholt, W. (1964). Die atmosphärische Korrosion von Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen. Materials and Corrosion, 15(8), 633-644.Wiersma, Diederik S, & Lagendijk, Ad. (1996). Light diffusion with gain and random lasers. Physical Review E, 54(4), 4256.