Roman nymphaeum in Philadelphia, South Levant : new excavation data

Part of : Mediterranean archaeology & archaeometry : international journal ; Vol.14, No.1, 2014, pages 131-142

Issue:
Pages:
131-142
Author:
Abstract:
The Nymphaeum structure is considered one of the most important historical buildings still standing in the heart of Decapolis City Philadelphia (Modern Philadelphia Capital of Jordan, Amman). The Nymphaeum has been dated to the second century AD, during the Roman period consists of two floors: a ground floor which was built above an old water course; and the second floor consisting of three large apses decorated with two rows of niches designed to host statues. The structure remained in use into the late Byzantine and early Islamic periods. The current paper highlighted new discovered architectural features at the Nymphaeu. These new features have added a number of facts regarding the building techniques and materials as well as the site function and its uses.
Subject:
Subject (LC):
Keywords:
Amman, Nymphaeum, new excavation report, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Building techniques
References (1):
  1. Almagro, A. (1983) The Survey of the Roman Monuments of Amman. ADAJ (27): 607- 639.Amer, G. and Gawlikowski, M (1985) Le sanctuaire imperial de Philippopolis. Damaszener Mitteilungen2: 1-15.Amiran, K ( 1950 ) A Revised Earthquake Catalogue of Palestine. IEJ: 223-246.Bellet, D. (1962) Decapolis. Pp. 810-818 in Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible. Tennessee: ParthenonPress.Burckhardt, J L (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: John Murray.Butler, H. C. (1904-09) Div. II Architecture, Sect. A. Southern Syria. Publications of the PrincetonUniversity Archaeological Expedition to Syria. Leiden.Conder, R. (1889) The Survey of Eastern Palestine, Vol. 1.1. London.Fawwaz (1986) At-Tarkib ad-Dakhili li al-Mantiqati al-Junubiyya Lm Madinat Amman. Amman:Jordan University.Gatier, P.-L (1986) Inscriptions de la Jordanie, tome 2 Region centrale Amman, Hesban, Madaba,Main, Dhiban. Biblioteque Archéologique, T. CXIV. Paris.Glueck, N. (1933) Survey of Eastern Palestine, I. AASOR 14: 1-113.Hadidi, A. (1970), The Roman Forum at Amman. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University ofMissouri, Columbia.Hadidi, A.(1978) The Roman Town Planning of Amman. Pp. 210-222 in R. Moorey and P. J.Parr (eds), Archaeology in the Levant. Warminster: Aris and Philips.Hamoudah, A. (1969) Madinat Amman, Dirasa fi Jughrafiyat al- ‘Umran. Unpublished MA thesis,‘Am Shams University, Cairo.Harding, L.(1956) The Antiquities of Jordan. London.Hmoud, N. (1994) Amman wa Jiwariha Khilal al-Fatra 1864-1921. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, JordanUniversity.Hoad, E. (1954) East of Jordan. Jerusalem: Fransiscan Printing Press.Hodge, T. (1992) Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply. Duckworth, London.UK.Jones, A. (1979) The Greek Cities from Alexander to Justinian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Kerner, S. and Hoffmann, A (1993) Gadara. Umm-Ques, Preliminary Report on the 1991 and1992 Seasons. ADAJ (37): 359-385.MacDonald, W. L., (1965) The Architecture of the Roman Empire. Yale University Press, London.McNicoll, A. (1992) Pella in Jordan II, The Second Interim Report of the Joint, University of Sydneyand College of Wooster Excavation at Pella (1982 –1985). Sydney.Menu, S. P. (1881) East of Jordan, A Record of Travel and Observation in the Countries of Moab, Gilead,and Bashan, During the Years (1875-78). London: Richard Bently.Northedge, A (1992) Studies on Roman and Islamic Amman, Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University.Pierre-Adam, J.(1994) Roman Building, Material and Techniques. London.Rasheed, I. (1983) Malamih mm al-Hayat ash-Sha ‘biyyajl Madinat Amman. Amman: Ministry ofCulture.Robinson G. (1837), Travels in Palestine and Syria, Vol. II. London.Rollefson, G., Simmons, A. and Kafafi, Z. (1990) Neolithic ‘Am Ghazal. Journal of Field Archaeology19, 443-470.Saleh, A. (1980) Madinat Amman, Dirasa JughrafIyya. Amman: University of Jordan.Seetzen, U. (1854) Reisen Durch Syrien, Pal Phonicien, Die Trans-Jordan-Lander,Arabia ,Petaea undUnter-Aegyptien, Vol. I. Berlin.Suleiman E. (1994) A Report on the Excavations of the Roman Street-Central Bank. ADAJ (38):59- 65 (Arabic section).Tell, S.( 1969) Notes on the Archaeology of Amman. ADAJ (13): 28-33.Waheeb, M. (2012, Forthcoming) The Nymphaeum during Umayyad and Abbasid Periods.Wheeler, M. (1964). Roman art and architecture. New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc.Yegtil, F.( 1992) Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. New York.