The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards of Auditing (ISA) is required to fight shadow economy repercussions

Part of : Αρχείον οικονομικής ιστορίας ; Vol.XXVIII, No.1, 2016, pages 77-93

Issue:
Pages:
77-93
Author:
Abstract:
Shadow economy and lack of transparency reduce the overall country’s tax revenues. Hence, the legal (honest) households and corporations usually bear the tax burden. Besides, high taxation is an obstacle for economic growth. In the present article an effort will be made to point out with panel data that shadow economy causes a higher effective tax rate. This distortion takes place at a greater extent in southern EU. Our sample covers annually Austria (2001-2013), Belgium (2001-2013), Cyprus (2005-2013), Denmark (2001-2013), Finland (2001-2013), France (2004-2013), Germany (2001-2013), Greece (2001-2013), Ireland (2001-2013), Italy (2001-2013), Netherlands (2001-2013), Portugal (2001-2013), Spain (2001-2013), Sweden (2001-2013) and UK (2001-2013). To fight this distortion and to increase transparency, countries should adopt the IFRS and ISA, which will cause eventually economic growth.
Subject:
Subject (LC):
Keywords:
shadow economy, tax evasion, economic growth, panel data analysis
Notes:
JEL Classifications: E26; O17; C33
References (1):
  1. Allingham, M. G., &Sandmo, A. (1972) “Income tax evasion: A theoretical analysis”. Journal of Public Economics, 1(3-4), 323-338.Bartov, E., Givoly, D. &Hayn, C. (2002) “The rewards to meeting or beating earnings expectations”. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33,173-204 Bekiaris, M. and Sgouros, T. and Tasios, S. (2011) “Financial Reporting Quality in Greece: A Case Study of Auditor’s Qualifications”. University of the Aegean, Conference for the 25 Years of the Business Administration Department, 2011 .SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2447613Bitzenis, A., Vlachos, V., & Schneider, F. (2016) “An Exploration of the Greek Shadow Economy: Can Its Transfer into the Official Economy Provide Economic Relief Amid the Crisis?”.Journal of Economic Issues, 50(1), 165-196.Brondolo. J. (2009) “Collecting Taxes During an Economic Crisis: Challenges and Policy Options” IMF Working Paper, July 14. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0917.pdfBurgstahler, D. and M. Eames, (2006) “Management of Earnings and Analysts’ Forecasts to Achieve Zero and Small Positive Earnings Surprises”, Journal of Business, Finance and Accounting 33 (5&6), pp. 633-652.Burgstahler, D., Elliott, B.W. and M. Hanlon, (2002) “How Firms Avoid Losses: Evidence of Use of the Net Deferred Tax Asset Account”, University of Washington Working Paper.Cahan, S. F. (1992) “The Effect of Antitrust Investigations on Discretionary Accruals. A Refined Test of the Political Cost Hypothjesis” The Accounting Review 67, 77-95Cohen, D. A., Dey, Α. and Lys, Τ. Ζ. (2004) “Trends in earnings management and informativeness of earnings announcements in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes Oxley Periods”. Working paper, Northwestern University, November 2004.Cormier, D. &Magnan, M. (1996). “Decision, decisions”, CA Magazine, 129 (7), 38Cormier, D., Magnan, M. &Morard, B. (2000) “The contractual and value relevance of reported earnings in a dividend-focused environment”. EuropeanAccounting Review, 9(3), 387-417D’Souza, J., Jacob, J. & Ramesh, K. (2001) “The use of accounting flexibility to reduce labor renegotiation costs and manage earnings”. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 30, 187-208DeAngelo, L. (1986) “Accounting Numbers as Market Valuation Substitutes: A Study of Management Buyouts of Public Stockholders” The Accounting Review 61, 400-420Dhaliwal, D. S and S. Wang, (1992) “The Effect of Book Income Adjustment in the 1986 Alternative Minimum Tax on Corporate Financial reporting”, Journal of Accounting and Economics 15, pp. 7-26.Dykxhoorn, H. J. and Sinning, K. E. (2010) “A review and analysis of international accounting research in JIAAT: 2002–2010”. Journal of International Accounting, Vol. 19, pp. 137 – 153Dykxhoorn, H. J. and Sinning, K. E. (2010) “A review and analysis of international accounting research in JIAAT: 2002–2010”. Journal of InternationalAccounting, Vol. 19, pp. 137 – 153.EIOPA, (2015) “Financial Stability Report”. https://eiopa.europa.eu/Publications/Reports/Financial_Stability_Report_May_2015.pdfEttredge, M., Sun, L., Lee, P. and A. Anandarajan, (2006) “Do Deferred Tax Data Signal Earnings Fraud?” Working Paper. University of Kansas -School of Business.Filip, A. Raffournier, B. (2015) “The Impact of the 2008-2009 Financial Crisis on Earnings Management: The European Evidence” https://business.illinois.edu/zimmerman/wp-content/uploads/sites/56/2015/08/023-Filip.pdfGeorgellis, Y., and Wall, H. J. (2002), “Entrepreneurship and the Policy Environment”,The Federal Bank of St. Louis, working paper 2002-019A,September. (Available at: www.stlouisfed.org.).Georgiou, M. and Kyriazis, N. and Economou, E. M. L. (2015) “Democracy,Political Stability and Economic Performance. A Panel Data Analysis”. Journal of Risk & Control, 2015, 2(1) 1-18.Georgiou, M. N. (2013) “Restricting Shadow Economy versus Macroeconomic Impacts. A Panel Data Analysis in EU, Japan, USA”. (December 18, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2369402 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2369402Georgiou, M. N. (2013a) “Shadow Economy Hinders Entrepreneurship” (November 21, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2358005 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2358005Georgiou, M. N. (2013b) “Regulations and Shadow Economy. A WorldwidePanel Data Analysis”. (December 4, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2363382 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363382Georgiou, M. N. (2013c) “Property Tax Causes Recession. A Panel Data Analysis for EU”. (November 24, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2359100 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2359100Glancy, F.H. and S.B. Yadav, (2011) “A Computational Model for Financial Reporting and Fraud Detection”, Decision Support Systems 50 (3), pp.595-601.Godfrey, J., Mather, P. & Ramsay, A. (2003). “Earnings and Impression Management in Financial Reports: The Case of CEO Changes”. Abacus,39(1),95-123Graham, J. R., Harvey, C.R. &Rajgopal S.(2005) “The economic implications of corporate financial reporting”. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40, 3-73Guenther, D. A. (1994) “Earnings Management in Response to Corporate Tax Rate Changes: Evidence from the 1986 Tax Reform Act” The Accounting Review, Vol. 69, No 1, σελ. 230-243Halkos, G. E. and Georgiou,M. N. (2005) “Bank Sales, Spread and Profitability:An Empirical Analysis”, Applied Financial Economics Letters.Halkos, G. E. (2003) “Environmental Kuznets Curve for Sulphur: Evidence Using GMM Estimation and Random Coefficient Panel Data Models”. Environment and Development Economics 8: 581-601.Healy, P. and J.M. Wahlen, (1999) “A Review of the Earnings Management Literature and its Implications for Standard Setting”, Accounting Horizons 13 (4), pp. 365-383.Hegarty, J. Gielen, F. and Barros, A. C. H. (2004) “Implementation of International Accounting and Auditing Standards”. WorldBank. http://www.worldbank.org/ifa/LessonsLearned_ROSC_AA.pdfHermalin, B. E. and Weisbach, M. S. (2007) “Transparency and CorporateGovernance” (January 21, 2007). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=958628 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.958628Jones, J. (1991) “Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations”Journal of Accounting Research 29, 193-228Kerr, J. N. (2015) “Transparency, Information Shocks, and Tax Avoidance”(September 16, 2015). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2761140 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2761140Leontidou, L. and Gialis, S. (2014) “Flexible employment accounts and the neglect of the informal dimension during the crisis: evidence from Southern EU regions”. Socio-Economic Sustainability, Regional Development and Spatial Planning: European and International Dimensions & Perspectives ISBN: 978-960-93-6040-1 Edited by, 139. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elias_Kourliouros/publication/267331420_Socio-Economic_Sustainability_Regional_Development_and_Spatial_Planning_European_and_International_Dimensions_and_Perspectives/links/544baf990cf24b5d6c408dbb.pdf#page=139Leuz, C. Nanda, D. and Wysocki, P. (2003). “Earnings management and investor protection: an international comparison”. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 505-527.McEnroe, J. E. and Sullivan, M. (2013)“An examination of the perceptions of auditors and chief financial officers regarding principles versus rules based accounting standards”.Research in Accounting Regulation, Vol. 25, pp. 196-207.Monem, R. M. (2003). “Earnings Management in Response to the Introduction of the Australian Gold Tax.” ContemporaryAccountingResearch, 20(4),747-774Navarro-García, J. C. and Bastida, F. (2010)“An empirical insight on Spanish listed companies’ perceptions of International Financial Reporting Standards”.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Vol. 19, pp. 110-120.Ottaway, M. (2001) “Corporatism Goes Global: International Organizations, NGO Networks and Transnational Business”. Global Governance, 7 (3): 265-293.Palley, T. I. (2011) “The Rise and Fall of Export-led Growth” Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, No. 675. http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/57059/1/667583890.pdfPhillips, J. Pincu, M. and S. Rego, (2003) “Earnings Management: New Evidence Based on Deferred Tax Expense”, The Accounting Review 78 (2),pp. 491-521.Prather-Kinsey,J. (2006)“Developing countries converging with developedcountry accounting standards: Evidence from South Africa and Mexico”. The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 41, pp: 141-162.Putniņš, T. J. and Sauka, A. (2015) “Measuring the shadow economy usingcompany managers”. Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(2), 471-490. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arnis_Sauka/publication/261714872_Measuring_the_shadow_economy_using_company_managers/links/54981b0a0cf2519f5a1dbc1d.pdfRao, S. S., Truong, D., Senecal, S., & Le, T. T. (2007) “How buyers' expectedbenefits, perceived risks, and e-business readiness influence their e-marketplace usage”. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(8), 1035-1045.Reitenga, A.L. &Tearney, M.G. (2003). “Mandatory CEO Retirements, Discretionary Accruals and Corporate Governance Mechanisms”. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 82(2),255-280Rogdaki, E. Koutoupis, A. G. and Rodosthenous, M. (2011) “Ensuring the "True and Fair View Principle" of Banks’ Financial Statements after the Introduction of the Application of IFRS: The Case of Greece”. European Research Studies, Volume XIV, Issue (3)Rosner, R. L. (2003) “Earnings Manipulation in Failing Firms”. ContemporaryAccounting Research, 20(2), 361-408Scherer, A. G., Palazzo, G., &Matten, D. (2009) “Introduction to the special issue: Globalization as a challenge for business responsibilities”. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(3), 327-347.Schneider, F. (2013) “Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline”, JohannesKeplerUniversität, Linz, pp. 5–7, Januar, http://www.econ.jku.at/members/Schneider/files/publications/2013/ShadEcEurope31_Jan2013.pdfSchneider, F., A. Buehn and C. E. Montenegro (2010) “New Estimates for theShadow Economies all over the World”, International Economic Journal 24 (4), 443—61, December.Shane, P.B. & Stock, T. (2006). “Security Analyst and Stock market Efficiency in Anticipating Tax motivated Income Shifting”. TheAccounting Review,81(1), 227-250Srinivasan, T. N. (1973) “Tax evasion: a model”. Journal of Public Economics,2(4), 339-346.Stoddart, E K (2000) “Political influences in changes to setting Australian accounting standards”. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 11 (6): 713-740.Tucker J.W. &Zarowin, P. A. (2006) “Does Income Smoothing Improve EarningsInformativeness?” The Accounting Review, 81(1),251-270Vanasco R.R. (1998) “Fraud auditing”. Managerial Auditing Journal, 13 (1), 4-71.Verbruggen, S. Christaens, J. and Milis, K. (2008) “Earnings management: a literature review” HUB Research Paper 2008/14. http://www.hubrussel.net/hubwebsite/Documenten/Internet/PDF/HUB%20research%20paper%20reeks/HRP2008/HRP14.pdfWalker, M. (2010) “Accounting for varieties of capitalism: The case against a single set of global accounting standards”. The British Accounting Review, Vol. 42, pp. 137 – 152Wang, X. (2014) “New evidence on real earnings management: An internationalinvestigation” A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology.http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/8863